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Full contact combat sport and martial art
Boxing Two Royal Navy men boxing for charity (1945).
The modern sport was codified in ♠ England in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Also known as Western boxing, pugilism[a] Focus Punching, striking Country of origin The ♠ sport itself: Ancient history, possibly Prehistoric
Modern rules: United Kingdom Olympic sport 688 BC (Ancient Greece)1904 (modern)
Boxing (also known as "western ♠ boxing" or "pugilism") is a combat sport and a martial art[1][2][3][4] in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves and ♠ other protective equipment such as hand wraps and mouthguards, throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time ♠ in a boxing ring.
Although the term boxing is commonly attributed to Western boxing, in which only fists are involved, it ♠ has developed in different ways in different geographical areas and cultures of the World.
In global terms, "boxing" today is also ♠ a set of combat sports focused on striking, in which two opponents face each other in a fight using at ♠ least their fists, and possibly involving other actions such as kicks, elbow strikes, knee strikes, and headbutts, depending on the ♠ rules.
Some of these variants are the bare knuckle boxing, kickboxing, muay-thai, lethwei, savate, and sanda.
[5][6] Boxing techniques have been incorporated ♠ into many martial arts, military systems, and other combat sports.
Though humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of ♠ human history and the origin of the sport of boxing is unknown,[7] according to some sources boxing has prehistoric origins ♠ in present-day Ethiopia where it appeared in the sixth millennium BC and when the Egyptians invaded Nubia they learned the ♠ art of boxing from the local population and they took the sport to Egypt where it became popular and from ♠ Egypt boxing spread to other countries including Greece, and eastward to Mesopotamia and northward to Rome.[8]
The earliest visual evidence of ♠ any type of boxing is from Egypt and Sumer both from the third millennia[9] and can be seen in Sumerian ♠ carvings from the third and second millennia BC.
[10][11][12][13] The earliest evidence of boxing rules dates back to Ancient Greece, where ♠ boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC.
[10] Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights, largely in Great ♠ Britain, to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry ♠ Rules.
Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games-it also ♠ has its world championships.
Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one-to-three-minute intervals called "rounds".
A winner can be ♠ resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing, disqualifies an opponent, or ♠ the opponent resigns.
When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing, the judges' scorecards ♠ determine the victor.
In case both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, a professional bout is considered a draw.
In Olympic ♠ boxing, because a winner must be declared, judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria.
History [ edit ]
Ancient ♠ history [ edit ]
A painting of Minoan youths boxing, from an Akrotiri fresco circa 1650 BC.
This is the earliest documented ♠ use of boxing gloves.
A boxing scene depicted on a Panathenaic amphora from Ancient Greece, circa 336 BC, British Museum
Hitting with ♠ different extremities of the body, such as kicks and punches, as an act of human aggression, has existed across the ♠ world throughout human history, being a combat system as old as wrestling.
However, in terms of sports competition, due to the ♠ lack of writing in the prehistoric times and the lack of references, it is not possible to determine rules of ♠ any kind of boxing in prehistory, and in ancient times only can be inferred from the few intact sources and ♠ references to the sport.
The origin of the sport of boxing is unknown,[14] however according to some sources boxing has prehistoric ♠ origins in present-day Ethiopia, where it appeared in the sixth millennium BC.
When the Egyptians invaded Nubia they learned the art ♠ of boxing from the local population, and they took the sport to Egypt where it became popular.
From Egypt, boxing spread ♠ to other countries including Greece, eastward to Mesopotamia, and northward to Rome.[15]
The earliest visual evidence of boxing comes from Egypt ♠ and Sumer both from the third millennium BC.
[16] [10] A relief sculpture from Egyptian Thebes ( c.
1350 BC) shows both ♠ boxers and spectators.
[10] These early Middle-Eastern and Egyptian depictions showed contests where fighters were either bare-fisted or had a band ♠ supporting the wrist.
[10] The earliest evidence of use of gloves can be found in Minoan Crete ( c.1500–1400 BC).[10]
Various types ♠ of boxing existed in ancient India.
The earliest references to musti-yuddha come from classical Vedic epics such as the Rig Veda ♠ ( c.
1500–1000 BCE) and Ramayana ( c.700–400 BCE).
[17] The Mahabharata describes two combatants boxing with clenched fists and fighting with ♠ kicks, finger strikes, knee strikes and headbutts during the time of King Virata.
[18] Duels (niyuddham) were often fought to the ♠ death.
During the period of the Western Satraps, the ruler Rudradaman-in addition to being well-versed in "the great sciences" which included ♠ Indian classical music, Sanskrit grammar, and logic-was said to be an excellent horseman, charioteer, elephant rider, swordsman and boxer.
[19] The ♠ Gurbilas Shemi, an 18th-century Sikh text, gives numerous references to musti-yuddha.
The martial art is related to other forms of martial ♠ arts found in other parts of the Indian cultural sphere including Muay Thai in Thailand, Muay Lao in Laos, Pradal ♠ Serey in Cambodia and Lethwei in Myanmar.[20][21]
In Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport called pygmachia, and enjoyed consistent ♠ popularity.
In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad, 688 BC.
The boxers would wind leather thongs around their ♠ hands in order to protect them.
There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could ♠ not continue.
Weight categories were not used, which meant heavier fighters had a tendency to dominate.
The style of boxing practiced typically ♠ featured an advanced left leg stance, with the left arm semi-extended as a guard, in addition to being used for ♠ striking, and with the right arm drawn back ready to strike.
It was the head of the opponent which was primarily ♠ targeted, and there is little evidence to suggest that targeting the body or the use of kicks was common,[22][23] in ♠ which it resembled modern western boxing.
A boxer and a rooster in a Roman mosaic of first century AD at the ♠ National Archaeological Museum, Naples
Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome.
[24] Fighters protected their knuckles with leather strips wrapped ♠ around their fists.
Eventually harder leather was used and the strips became a weapon.
Metal studs were introduced to the strips to ♠ make the cestus.
Fighting events were held at Roman amphitheatres.
Early London prize ring rules [ edit ]
A straight right demonstrated in ♠ Edmund Price's The Science of Defence: A Treatise on Sparring and Wrestling, 1867
Records of boxing activity disappeared in the west ♠ after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again and interest in ♠ fighting with the fists waned.
However, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and ♠ provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries.
There was also a sport in ancient Rus called kulachniy boy or ♠ 'fist fighting'.
As the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists.
The sport later ♠ resurfaced in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing, sometimes referred to as prizefighting.
The first ♠ documented account of a bare-knuckle fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury, and the first English ♠ bare-knuckle champion was James Figg in 1719.
[25] This is also the time when the word "boxing" first came to be ♠ used.
This earliest form of modern boxing was very different.Contests in Mr.
Figg's time, in addition to fist fighting, also contained fencing ♠ and cudgeling.
On 6 January 1681, the first recorded boxing match took place in Britain when Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of ♠ Albemarle (and later Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica), engineered a bout between his butler and his butcher with the latter winning ♠ the prize.
Early fighting had no written rules.
There were no weight divisions or round limits, and no referee.
In general, it was ♠ extremely chaotic.
An early article on boxing was published in Nottingham in 1713, by Sir Thomas Parkyns, 2nd Baronet, a wrestling ♠ patron from Bunny, Nottinghamshire, who had practised the techniques he described.
The article, a single page in his manual of wrestling ♠ and fencing, Progymnasmata: The inn-play, or Cornish-hugg wrestler, described a system of headbutting, punching, eye-gouging, chokes, and hard throws, not ♠ recognized in boxing today.[26]
The first boxing rules, called the Broughton Rules, were introduced by champion Jack Broughton in 1743 to ♠ protect fighters in the ring where deaths sometimes occurred.
[27] Under these rules, if a man went down and could not ♠ continue after a count of 30 seconds, the fight was over.
Hitting a downed fighter and grasping below the waist were ♠ prohibited.
Broughton encouraged the use of "mufflers", a form of padded bandage or mitten, to be used in "jousting" or sparring ♠ sessions in training, and in exhibition matches.
Tom Molineaux (left) vs Tom Cribb in a re-match for the heavyweight championship of ♠ England, 1811
These rules did allow the fighters an advantage not enjoyed by today's boxers; they permitted the fighter to drop ♠ to one knee to end the round and begin the 30-second count at any time.
Thus a fighter realizing he was ♠ in trouble had an opportunity to recover.
However, this was considered "unmanly"[28] and was frequently disallowed by additional rules negotiated by ♠ the seconds of the boxers.
[29] In modern boxing, there is a three-minute limit to rounds (unlike the downed fighter ends ♠ the round rule).
Intentionally going down in modern boxing will cause the recovering fighter to lose points in the scoring system.
Furthermore, ♠ as the contestants did not have heavy leather gloves and wristwraps to protect their hands, they used different punching technique ♠ to preserve their hands because the head was a common target to hit full out.
[dubious – discuss][citation needed] Almost all ♠ period manuals have powerful straight punches with the whole body behind them to the face (including forehead) as the basic ♠ blows.
[30][31][unreliable source?]
The British sportswriter Pierce Egan coined the term "the sweet science" as an epithet for prizefighting – or more ♠ fully "the sweet science of bruising" as a description of England's bare-knuckle fight scene in the early nineteenth century.[32]
Boxing could ♠ also be used to settle disputes even by females.
In 1790 in Waddington, Lincolnshire Mary Farmery and Susanna Locker both laid ♠ claim to the affections of a young man; this produced a challenge from the former to fight for the prize, ♠ which was accepted by the latter.
Proper sidesmen were chosen, and every matter conducted in form.
After several knock-down blows on both ♠ sides, the battle ended in favour of Mary Farmery.[33]
The London Prize Ring Rules introduced measures that remain in effect for ♠ professional boxing to this day, such as outlawing butting, gouging, scratching, kicking, hitting a man while down, holding the ropes, ♠ and using resin, stones or hard objects in the hands, and biting.[34]
Marquess of Queensberry rules (1867) [ edit ]
In 1867, ♠ the Marquess of Queensberry rules were drafted by John Chambers for amateur championships held at Lillie Bridge in London for ♠ lightweights, middleweights and heavyweights.
The rules were published under the patronage of the Marquess of Queensberry, whose name has always been ♠ associated with them.
The June 1894 Leonard–Cushing bout.
Each of the six one-minute rounds recorded by the Kinetograph was made available to ♠ exhibitors for $22.50.
[35] Customers who watched the final round saw Leonard score a knockdown.
There were twelve rules in all, and ♠ they specified that fights should be "a fair stand-up boxing match" in a 24-foot-square or similar ring.
Rounds were three minutes ♠ with one-minute rest intervals between rounds.
Each fighter was given a ten-second count if he was knocked down, and wrestling was ♠ banned.
The introduction of gloves of "fair-size" also changed the nature of the bouts.
An average pair of boxing gloves resembles a ♠ bloated pair of mittens and are laced up around the wrists.
[36] The gloves can be used to block an opponent's ♠ blows.
As a result of their introduction, bouts became longer and more strategic with greater importance attached to defensive maneuvers such ♠ as slipping, bobbing, countering and angling.
Because less defensive emphasis was placed on the use of the forearms and more on ♠ the gloves, the classical forearms outwards, torso leaning back stance of the bare knuckle boxer was modified to a more ♠ modern stance in which the torso is tilted forward and the hands are held closer to the face.
Late 19th and ♠ early 20th centuries [ edit ]
Through the late nineteenth century, the martial art of boxing or prizefighting was primarily a ♠ sport of dubious legitimacy.
Outlawed in England and much of the United States, prizefights were often held at gambling venues and ♠ broken up by police.
[37] Brawling and wrestling tactics continued, and riots at prizefights were common occurrences.
Still, throughout this period, there ♠ arose some notable bare knuckle champions who developed fairly sophisticated fighting tactics.
Amateur Boxing Club, Wales, 1963
The English case of R ♠ v.
Coney in 1882 found that a bare-knuckle fight was an assault occasioning actual bodily harm, despite the consent of the ♠ participants.
This marked the end of widespread public bare-knuckle contests in England.
The first world heavyweight champion under the Queensberry Rules was ♠ "Gentleman Jim" Corbett, who defeated John L.
Sullivan in 1892 at the Pelican Athletic Club in New Orleans.[38]
The first instance of ♠ film censorship in the United States occurred in 1897 when several states banned the showing of prize fighting films from ♠ the state of Nevada,[39] where it was legal at the time.
Throughout the early twentieth century, boxers struggled to achieve legitimacy.
[40] ♠ They were aided by the influence of promoters like Tex Rickard and the popularity of great champions such as John ♠ L.Sullivan.
Modern boxing [ edit ]
The modern sport arose from illegal venues and outlawed prizefighting and has become a multibillion-dollar commercial ♠ enterprise.
A majority of young talent still comes from poverty-stricken areas around the world.
[citation needed] Places like Mexico, Africa, South America, ♠ and Eastern Europe prove to be filled with young aspiring athletes who wish to become the future of boxing.Even in ♠ the U.S.
, places like the inner cities of New York, and Chicago have given rise to promising young talent.
According to ♠ Rubin, "boxing lost its appeal with the American middle class, and most of who boxes in modern America come from ♠ the streets and are street fighters".[41]Rules [ edit ]
The Marquess of Queensberry rules have been the general rules governing modern ♠ boxing since their publication in 1867.[42]
A boxing match typically consists of a determined number of three-minute rounds, a total of ♠ up to 9 to 12 rounds with a minute spent between each round with the fighters resting in their assigned ♠ corners and receiving advice and attention from their coach and staff.
The fight is controlled by a referee who works within ♠ the ring to judge and control the conduct of the fighters, rule on their ability to fight safely, count knocked-down ♠ fighters, and rule on fouls.
Up to three judges are typically present at ringside to score the bout and assign points ♠ to the boxers, based on punches and elbows that connect, defense, knockdowns, hugging and other, more subjective, measures.
Because of the ♠ open-ended style of boxing judging, many fights have controversial results, in which one or both fighters believe they have been ♠ "robbed" or unfairly denied a victory.
Each fighter has an assigned corner of the ring, where their coach, as well as ♠ one or more "seconds" may administer to the fighter at the beginning of the fight and between rounds.
Each boxer enters ♠ into the ring from their assigned corners at the beginning of each round and must cease fighting and return to ♠ their corner at the signalled end of each round.
A bout in which the predetermined number of rounds passes is decided ♠ by the judges, and is said to "go the distance".
The fighter with the higher score at the end of the ♠ fight is ruled the winner.
With three judges, unanimous and split decisions are possible, as are draws.
A boxer may win the ♠ bout before a decision is reached through a knock-out; such bouts are said to have ended "inside the distance".
If a ♠ fighter is knocked down during the fight, determined by whether the boxer touches the canvas floor of the ring with ♠ any part of their body other than the feet as a result of the opponent's punch and not a slip, ♠ as determined by the referee, the referee begins counting until the fighter returns to their feet and can continue.
Some jurisdictions ♠ require the referee to count to eight regardless of if the fighter gets up before.
Should the referee count to ten, ♠ then the knocked-down boxer is ruled "knocked out" (whether unconscious or not) and the other boxer is ruled the winner ♠ by knockout (KO).
A "technical knock-out" (TKO) is possible as well, and is ruled by the referee, fight doctor, or a ♠ fighter's corner if a fighter is unable to safely continue to fight, based upon injuries or being judged unable to ♠ effectively defend themselves.
Many jurisdictions and sanctioning agencies also have a "three-knockdown rule", in which three knockdowns in a given round ♠ result in a TKO.
A TKO is considered a knockout in a fighter's record.
A "standing eight" count rule may also be ♠ in effect.
This gives the referee the right to step in and administer a count of eight to a fighter that ♠ the referee feels may be in danger, even if no knockdown has taken place.
After counting the referee will observe the ♠ fighter, and decide if the fighter is fit to continue.
For scoring purposes, a standing eight count is treated as a ♠ knockdown.
Ingemar Johansson of Sweden KO's heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson, 26 June 1959
In general, boxers are prohibited from hitting below the ♠ belt, holding, tripping, pushing, biting, or spitting.
The boxer's shorts are raised so the opponent is not allowed to hit to ♠ the groin area with intent to cause pain or injury.
Failure to abide by the former may result in a foul.
They ♠ also are prohibited from kicking, head-butting, or hitting with any part of the arm other than the knuckles of a ♠ closed fist (including hitting with the elbow, shoulder or forearm, as well as with open gloves, the wrist, the inside, ♠ back or side of the hand).
They are prohibited as well from hitting the back, back of the head or neck ♠ (called a "rabbit-punch") or the kidneys.
They are prohibited from holding the ropes for support when punching, holding an opponent while ♠ punching, or ducking below the belt of their opponent (dropping below the waist of your opponent, no matter the distance ♠ between).
If a "clinch" – a defensive move in which a boxer wraps their opponent's arms and holds on to create ♠ a pause – is broken by the referee, each fighter must take a full step back before punching again (alternatively, ♠ the referee may direct the fighters to "punch out" of the clinch).
When a boxer is knocked down, the other boxer ♠ must immediately cease fighting and move to the furthest neutral corner of the ring until the referee has either ruled ♠ a knockout or called for the fight to continue.
Violations of these rules may be ruled "fouls" by the referee, who ♠ may issue warnings, deduct points, or disqualify an offending boxer, causing an automatic loss, depending on the seriousness and intentionality ♠ of the foul.
An intentional foul that causes injury that prevents a fight from continuing usually causes the boxer who committed ♠ it to be disqualified.
A fighter who suffers an accidental low-blow may be given up to five minutes to recover, after ♠ which they may be ruled knocked out if they are unable to continue.
Accidental fouls that cause injury ending a bout ♠ may lead to a "no contest" result, or else cause the fight to go to a decision if enough rounds ♠ (typically four or more, or at least three in a four-round fight) have passed.
Unheard of in the modern era, but ♠ common during the early 20th Century in North America, a "newspaper decision (NWS)" might be made after a no decision ♠ bout had ended.
A "no decision" bout occurred when, by law or by pre-arrangement of the fighters, if both boxers were ♠ still standing at the fight's conclusion and there was no knockout, no official decision was rendered and neither boxer was ♠ declared the winner.
But this did not prevent the pool of ringside newspaper reporters from declaring a consensus result among themselves ♠ and printing a newspaper decision in their publications.
Officially, however, a "no decision" bout resulted in neither boxer winning or losing.
Boxing ♠ historians sometimes use these unofficial newspaper decisions in compiling fight records for illustrative purposes only.
Often, media outlets covering a match ♠ will personally score the match, and post their scores as an independent sentence in their report.Professional vs.
amateur boxing [ edit ♠ ]
Roberto Durán (right) held world championships in four weight classes: lightweight, welterweight, light middleweight and middleweight.
Throughout the 17th to 19th ♠ centuries, boxing bouts were motivated by money, as the fighters competed for prize money, promoters controlled the gate, and spectators ♠ bet on the result.
The modern Olympic movement revived interest in amateur sports, and amateur boxing became an Olympic sport in ♠ 1908.
In their current form, Olympic and other amateur bouts are typically limited to three or four rounds, scoring is computed ♠ by points based on the number of clean blows landed, regardless of impact, and fighters wear protective headgear, reducing the ♠ number of injuries, knockdowns, and knockouts.
[43] Currently scoring blows in amateur boxing are subjectively counted by ringside judges, but the ♠ Australian Institute for Sport has demonstrated a prototype of an Automated Boxing Scoring System, which introduces scoring objectivity, improves safety, ♠ and arguably makes the sport more interesting to spectators.
Professional boxing remains by far the most popular form of the sport ♠ globally, though amateur boxing is dominant in Cuba and some former Soviet republics.
For most fighters, an amateur career, especially at ♠ the Olympics, serves to develop skills and gain experience in preparation for a professional career.
Western boxers typically participate in one ♠ Olympics and then turn pro, while Cubans and boxers from other socialist countries have an opportunity to collect multiple medals.
[44] ♠ In 2016, professional boxers were admitted in the Olympic Games and other tournaments sanctioned by AIBA.
[45] This was done in ♠ part to level the playing field and give all of the athletes the same opportunities government-sponsored boxers from socialist countries ♠ and post-Soviet republics have.
[46] However, professional organizations strongly opposed that decision.[47][48]
Amateur boxing [ edit ]
Nicola Adams (left) is the first ♠ female boxer to win an Olympic gold medal.
Here with Mary Kom of India.
Amateur boxing may be found at the collegiate ♠ level, at the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games, etc.
In many other venues sanctioned by amateur boxing associations.
Amateur boxing has ♠ a point scoring system that measures the number of clean blows landed rather than physical damage.
Bouts consist of three rounds ♠ of three minutes in the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, and three rounds of three minutes in a national ABA (Amateur ♠ Boxing Association) bout, each with a one-minute interval between rounds.
Competitors wear protective headgear and gloves with a white strip or ♠ circle across the knuckle.
There are cases however, where white ended gloves are not required but any solid color may be ♠ worn.
The white end is just a way to make it easier for judges to score clean hits.
Each competitor must have ♠ their hands properly wrapped, pre-fight, for added protection on their hands and for added cushion under the gloves.
Gloves worn by ♠ the fighters must be twelve ounces in weight unless the fighters weigh under 165 pounds (75 kg), thus allowing them ♠ to wear ten ounce gloves.
A punch is considered a scoring punch only when the boxers connect with the white portion ♠ of the gloves.
Each punch that lands cleanly on the head or torso with sufficient force is awarded a point.
A referee ♠ monitors the fight to ensure that competitors use only legal blows.
A belt worn over the torso represents the lower limit ♠ of punches – any boxer repeatedly landing low blows below the belt is disqualified.
Referees also ensure that the boxers don't ♠ use holding tactics to prevent the opponent from swinging.
If this occurs, the referee separates the opponents and orders them to ♠ continue boxing.
Repeated holding can result in a boxer being penalized or ultimately disqualified.
Referees will stop the bout if a boxer ♠ is seriously injured, if one boxer is significantly dominating the other or if the score is severely imbalanced.
[49] Amateur bouts ♠ which end this way may be noted as "RSC" (referee stopped contest) with notations for an outclassed opponent (RSCO), outscored ♠ opponent (RSCOS), injury (RSCI) or head injury (RSCH).
Professional boxing [ edit ]
Firpo sending Dempsey outside the ring; painting by George ♠ Bellows
Professional bouts are usually much longer than amateur bouts, typically ranging from ten to twelve rounds, though four-round fights are ♠ common for less experienced fighters or club fighters.
There are also some two- and three-round professional bouts, especially in Australia.
Through the ♠ early 20th century, it was common for fights to have unlimited rounds, ending only when one fighter quit, benefiting high-energy ♠ fighters like Jack Dempsey.
Fifteen rounds remained the internationally recognized limit for championship fights for most of the 20th century until ♠ the early 1980s, when the death of boxer Kim Duk-koo eventually prompted the World Boxing Council and other organizations sanctioning ♠ professional boxing to reduce the limit to twelve rounds.
Headgear is not permitted in professional bouts, and boxers are generally allowed ♠ to take much more damage before a fight is halted.
At any time, the referee may stop the contest if he ♠ believes that one participant cannot defend himself due to injury.
In that case, the other participant is awarded a technical knockout ♠ win.
A technical knockout would also be awarded if a fighter lands a punch that opens a cut on the opponent, ♠ and the opponent is later deemed not fit to continue by a doctor because of the cut.
For this reason, fighters ♠ often employ cutmen, whose job is to treat cuts between rounds so that the boxer is able to continue despite ♠ the cut.
If a boxer simply quits fighting, or if his corner stops the fight, then the winning boxer is also ♠ awarded a technical knockout victory.
In contrast with amateur boxing, professional male boxers have to be bare-chested.[50]
Boxing styles [ edit ]
Definition ♠ of style [ edit ]
"Style" is often defined as the strategic approach a fighter takes during a bout.
No two fighters' ♠ styles are alike, as each is determined by that individual's physical and mental attributes.
Three main styles exist in boxing: outside ♠ fighter ("boxer"), brawler (or "slugger"), and inside fighter ("swarmer").
These styles may be divided into several special subgroups, such as counter ♠ puncher, etc.
The main philosophy of the styles is, that each style has an advantage over one, but disadvantage over the ♠ other one.
It follows the rock paper scissors scenario – boxer beats brawler, brawler beats swarmer, and swarmer beats boxer.[51]
Heavyweight champion ♠ Muhammad Ali was a typical example of an out-fighter.
A classic "boxer" or stylist (also known as an "out-fighter") seeks to ♠ maintain distance between himself and his opponent, fighting with faster, longer range punches, most notably the jab, and gradually wearing ♠ his opponent down.
Due to this reliance on weaker punches, out-fighters tend to win by point decisions rather than by knockout, ♠ though some out-fighters have notable knockout records.
They are often regarded as the best boxing strategists due to their ability to ♠ control the pace of the fight and lead their opponent, methodically wearing him down and exhibiting more skill and finesse ♠ than a brawler.
[52] Out-fighters need reach, hand speed, reflexes, and footwork.
Notable out-fighters include Muhammad Ali, Larry Holmes, Joe Calzaghe, Wilfredo ♠ Gómez, Salvador Sánchez, Cecilia Brækhus, Gene Tunney,[53] Ezzard Charles,[54] Willie Pep,[55] Meldrick Taylor, Ricardo "Finito" López, Floyd Mayweather Jr., Roy ♠ Jones Jr.
, Sugar Ray Leonard, Miguel Vázquez, Sergio "Maravilla" Martínez, Wladimir Klitschko and Guillermo Rigondeaux.
This style was also used by ♠ fictional boxer Apollo Creed.
A boxer-puncher is a well-rounded boxer who is able to fight at close range with a combination ♠ of technique and power, often with the ability to knock opponents out with a combination and in some instances a ♠ single shot.
Their movement and tactics are similar to that of an out-fighter (although they are generally not as mobile as ♠ an out-fighter),[56] but instead of winning by decision, they tend to wear their opponents down using combinations and then move ♠ in to score the knockout.
A boxer must be well rounded to be effective using this style.
Notable boxer-punchers include Muhammad Ali, ♠ Canelo Álvarez, Sugar Ray Leonard, Roy Jones Jr.
, Wladimir Klitschko, Vasyl Lomachenko, Lennox Lewis, Joe Louis,[57] Wilfredo Gómez, Oscar De ♠ La Hoya, Archie Moore, Miguel Cotto, Nonito Donaire, Sam Langford,[58] Henry Armstrong,[59] Sugar Ray Robinson,[60] Tony Zale, Carlos Monzón,[61] Alexis ♠ Argüello, Érik Morales, Terry Norris, Marco Antonio Barrera, Naseem Hamed, Thomas Hearns, Julian Jackson and Gennady Golovkin.
Counter puncher [ edit ♠ ]
Counter punchers are slippery, defensive style fighters who often rely on their opponent's mistakes in order to gain the advantage, ♠ whether it be on the score cards or more preferably a knockout.
They use their well-rounded defense to avoid or block ♠ shots and then immediately catch the opponent off guard with a well placed and timed punch.
A fight with a skilled ♠ counter-puncher can turn into a war of attrition, where each shot landed is a battle in itself.
Thus, fighting against counter ♠ punchers requires constant feinting and the ability to avoid telegraphing one's attacks.
To be truly successful using this style they must ♠ have good reflexes, a high level of prediction and awareness, pinpoint accuracy and speed, both in striking and in footwork.
Notable ♠ counter punchers include Muhammad Ali, Joe Calzaghe, Vitali Klitschko, Evander Holyfield, Max Schmeling, Chris Byrd, Jim Corbett, Jack Johnson, Bernard ♠ Hopkins, Laszlo Papp, Jerry Quarry, Anselmo Moreno, James Toney, Marvin Hagler, Juan Manuel Márquez, Humberto Soto, Floyd Mayweather Jr.
, Roger ♠ Mayweather, Pernell Whitaker, Sergio Martínez and Guillermo Rigondeaux.
This style of boxing is also used by fictional boxer Little Mac.
Counter punchers ♠ usually wear their opponents down by causing them to miss their punches.
The more the opponent misses, the faster they tire, ♠ and the psychological effects of being unable to land a hit will start to sink in.
The counter puncher often tries ♠ to outplay their opponent entirely, not just in a physical sense, but also in a mental and emotional sense.
This style ♠ can be incredibly difficult, especially against seasoned fighters, but winning a fight without getting hit is often worth the pay-off.
They ♠ usually try to stay away from the center of the ring, in order to outmaneuver and chip away at their ♠ opponents.
A large advantage in counter-hitting is the forward momentum of the attacker, which drives them further into your return strike.
As ♠ such, knockouts are more common than one would expect from a defensive style.
A brawler is a fighter who generally lacks ♠ finesse and footwork in the ring, but makes up for it through sheer punching power.
Many brawlers tend to lack mobility, ♠ preferring a less mobile, more stable platform and have difficulty pursuing fighters who are fast on their feet.
They may also ♠ have a tendency to ignore combination punching in favor of continuous beat-downs with one hand and by throwing slower, more ♠ powerful single punches (such as hooks and uppercuts).
Their slowness and predictable punching pattern (single punches with obvious leads) often leaves ♠ them open to counter punches, so successful brawlers must be able to absorb a substantial amount of punishment.
However, not all ♠ brawler/slugger fighters are not mobile; some can move around and switch styles if needed but still have the brawler/slugger style ♠ such as Wilfredo Gómez, Prince Naseem Hamed and Danny García.
A brawler's most important assets are power and chin (the ability ♠ to absorb punishment while remaining able to continue boxing).
Examples of this style include George Foreman, Rocky Marciano, Julio César Chávez, ♠ Jack Dempsey, Riddick Bowe, Danny García, Wilfredo Gómez, Sonny Liston, John L.
Sullivan, Max Baer, Prince Naseem Hamed, Ray Mancini, David ♠ Tua, Arturo Gatti, Micky Ward, Brandon Ríos, Ruslan Provodnikov, Michael Katsidis, James Kirkland, Marcos Maidana, Vitali Klitschko, Jake LaMotta, Manny ♠ Pacquiao, and Ireland's John Duddy.
This style of boxing was also used by fictional boxers Rocky Balboa and James "Clubber" Lang.
Brawlers ♠ tend to be more predictable and easy to hit but usually fare well enough against other fighting styles because they ♠ train to take punches very well.
They often have a higher chance than other fighting styles to score a knockout against ♠ their opponents because they focus on landing big, powerful hits, instead of smaller, faster attacks.
Oftentimes they place focus on training ♠ on their upper body instead of their entire body, to increase power and endurance.
They also aim to intimidate their opponents ♠ because of their power, stature and ability to take a punch.
Henry Armstrong was known for his aggressive, non-stop assault style ♠ of fighting.
In-fighters/swarmers (sometimes called "pressure fighters") attempt to stay close to an opponent, throwing intense flurries and combinations of hooks ♠ and uppercuts.
Mainly Mexican, Irish, Irish-American, Puerto Rican, and Mexican-American boxers popularized this style.
A successful in-fighter often needs a good "chin" ♠ because swarming usually involves being hit with many jabs before they can maneuver inside where they are more effective.
In-fighters operate ♠ best at close range because they are generally shorter and have less reach than their opponents and thus are more ♠ effective at a short distance where the longer arms of their opponents make punching awkward.
However, several fighters tall for their ♠ division have been relatively adept at in-fighting as well as out-fighting.
The essence of a swarmer is non-stop aggression.
Many short in-fighters ♠ use their stature to their advantage, employing a bob-and-weave defense by bending at the waist to slip underneath or to ♠ the sides of incoming punches.
Unlike blocking, causing an opponent to miss a punch disrupts his balance, this permits forward movement ♠ past the opponent's extended arm and keeps the hands free to counter.
A distinct advantage that in-fighters have is when throwing ♠ uppercuts, they can channel their entire bodyweight behind the punch; Mike Tyson was famous for throwing devastating uppercuts.
Marvin Hagler was ♠ known for his hard "chin", punching power, body attack and the stalking of his opponents.
Some in-fighters, like Mike Tyson, have ♠ been known for being notoriously hard to hit.
The key to a swarmer is aggression, endurance, chin, and bobbing-and-weaving.
Notable in-fighters include ♠ Henry Armstrong, Aaron Pryor, Julio César Chávez, Jack Dempsey, Shawn Porter, Miguel Cotto, Gennady Golovkin, Joe Frazier, Danny García, Mike ♠ Tyson, Manny Pacquiao, Rocky Marciano,[62] Wayne McCullough, James Braddock, Gerry Penalosa, Harry Greb,[63][64] David Tua, James Toney and Ricky Hatton.
This ♠ style was also used by the Street Fighter character Balrog.[citation needed]
Combinations of styles [ edit ]
All fighters have primary skills ♠ with which they feel most comfortable, but truly elite fighters are often able to incorporate auxiliary styles when presented with ♠ a particular challenge.
For example, an out-fighter will sometimes plant his feet and counter punch, or a slugger may have the ♠ stamina to pressure fight with his power punches.
Old history of the development of boxing and its prevalence contribute to fusion ♠ of various types of martial arts and the emergence of new ones that are based on them.
For example, a combination ♠ of boxing and sportive sambo techniques gave rise to a combat sambo.
Style matchups [ edit ]
There is a generally accepted ♠ rule of thumb about the success each of these boxing styles has against the others.
In general, an in-fighter has an ♠ advantage over an out-fighter, an out-fighter has an advantage over a brawler, and a brawler has an advantage over an ♠ in-fighter; these form a cycle with each style being stronger relative to one, and weaker relative to another, with none ♠ dominating, as in rock paper scissors.
Naturally, many other factors, such as the skill level and training of the combatants, determine ♠ the outcome of a fight, but the widely held belief in this relationship among the styles is embodied in the ♠ cliché amongst boxing fans and writers that "styles make fights".
Brawlers tend to overcome swarmers or in-fighters because, in trying to ♠ get close to the slugger, the in-fighter will invariably have to walk straight into the guns of the much harder-hitting ♠ brawler, so, unless the former has a very good chin and the latter's stamina is poor, the brawler's superior power ♠ will carry the day.
A famous example of this type of match-up advantage would be George Foreman's knockout victory over Joe ♠ Frazier in their original bout "The Sunshine Showdown".
Although in-fighters struggle against heavy sluggers, they typically enjoy more success against out-fighters ♠ or boxers.
Out-fighters prefer a slower fight, with some distance between themselves and the opponent.
The in-fighter tries to close that gap ♠ and unleash furious flurries.
On the inside, the out-fighter loses a lot of his combat effectiveness, because he cannot throw the ♠ hard punches.
The in-fighter is generally successful in this case, due to his intensity in advancing on his opponent and his ♠ good agility, which makes him difficult to evade.
For example, the swarming Joe Frazier, though easily dominated by the slugger George ♠ Foreman, was able to create many more problems for the boxer Muhammad Ali in their three fights.
Joe Louis, after retirement, ♠ admitted that he hated being crowded, and that swarmers like untied/undefeated champ Rocky Marciano would have caused him style problems ♠ even in his prime.
The boxer or out-fighter tends to be most successful against a brawler, whose slow speed (both hand ♠ and foot) and poor technique makes him an easy target to hit for the faster out-fighter.
The out-fighter's main concern is ♠ to stay alert, as the brawler only needs to land one good punch to finish the fight.
If the out-fighter can ♠ avoid those power punches, he can often wear the brawler down with fast jabs, tiring him out.
If he is successful ♠ enough, he may even apply extra pressure in the later rounds in an attempt to achieve a knockout.
Most classic boxers, ♠ such as Muhammad Ali, enjoyed their best successes against sluggers.
An example of a style matchup was the historical fight of ♠ Julio César Chávez, a swarmer or in-fighter, against Meldrick Taylor, the boxer or out-fighter (see Julio César Chávez vs.Meldrick Taylor).
The ♠ match was nicknamed "Thunder Meets Lightning" as an allusion to punching power of Chávez and blinding speed of Taylor.
Chávez was ♠ the epitome of the "Mexican" style of boxing.
Taylor's hand and foot speed and boxing abilities gave him the early advantage, ♠ allowing him to begin building a large lead on points.
Chávez remained relentless in his pursuit of Taylor and due to ♠ his greater punching power Chávez slowly punished Taylor.
Coming into the later rounds, Taylor was bleeding from the mouth, his entire ♠ face was swollen, the bones around his eye socket had been broken, he had swallowed a considerable amount of his ♠ own blood, and as he grew tired, Taylor was increasingly forced into exchanging blows with Chávez, which only gave Chávez ♠ a greater chance to cause damage.
While there was little doubt that Taylor had solidly won the first three quarters of ♠ the fight, the question at hand was whether he would survive the final quarter.
Going into the final round, Taylor held ♠ a secure lead on the scorecards of two of the three judges.
Chávez would have to knock Taylor out to claim ♠ a victory, whereas Taylor merely needed to stay away from the Mexican legend.
However, Taylor did not stay away, but continued ♠ to trade blows with Chávez.
As he did so, Taylor showed signs of extreme exhaustion, and every tick of the clock ♠ brought Taylor closer to victory unless Chávez could knock him out.
With about a minute left in the round, Chávez hit ♠ Taylor squarely with several hard punches and stayed on the attack, continuing to hit Taylor with well-placed shots.
Finally, with about ♠ 25 seconds to go, Chávez landed a hard right hand that caused Taylor to stagger forward towards a corner, forcing ♠ Chávez back ahead of him.
Suddenly Chávez stepped around Taylor, positioning him so that Taylor was trapped in the corner, with ♠ no way to escape from Chávez' desperate final flurry.
Chávez then nailed Taylor with a tremendous right hand that dropped the ♠ younger man.
By using the ring ropes to pull himself up, Taylor managed to return to his feet and was given ♠ the mandatory 8-count.
Referee Richard Steele asked Taylor twice if he was able to continue fighting, but Taylor failed to answer.
Steele ♠ then concluded that Taylor was unfit to continue and signaled that he was ending the fight, resulting in a TKO ♠ victory for Chávez with only two seconds to go in the bout.
Equipment [ edit ]
Since boxing involves forceful, repetitive punching, ♠ precautions must be taken to prevent damage to bones in the hand.
Most trainers do not allow boxers to train and ♠ spar without wrist wraps and boxing gloves.
Hand wraps are used to secure the bones in the hand, and the gloves ♠ are used to protect the hands from blunt injury, allowing boxers to throw punches with more force than if they ♠ did not use them.
Gloves have been required in competition since the late nineteenth century, though modern boxing gloves are much ♠ heavier than those worn by early twentieth-century fighters.
Prior to a bout, both boxers agree upon the weight of gloves to ♠ be used in the bout, with the understanding that lighter gloves allow heavy punchers to inflict more damage.
The brand of ♠ gloves can also affect the impact of punches, so this too is usually stipulated before a bout.
Both sides are allowed ♠ to inspect the wraps and gloves of the opponent to help ensure both are within agreed upon specifications and no ♠ tampering has taken place.
A mouthguard is important to protect the teeth[65][66] and gums from injury, and to cushion the jaw, ♠ resulting in a decreased chance of knockout.
Both fighters must wear soft soled shoes to reduce the damage from accidental (or ♠ intentional) stepping on feet.
While older boxing boots more commonly resembled those of a professional wrestler, modern boxing shoes and boots ♠ tend to be quite similar to their amateur wrestling counterparts.
Boxers practice their skills on several types of punching bags.
A small, ♠ tear-drop-shaped "speed bag" is used to hone reflexes and repetitive punching skills, while a large cylindrical "heavy bag" filled with ♠ sand, a synthetic substitute, or water is used to practice power punching and body blows.
The double-end bag is usually connected ♠ by elastic on the top and bottom and moves randomly upon getting struck and helps the fighter work on accuracy ♠ and reflexes.
In addition to these distinctive pieces of equipment, boxers also use sport-nonspecific training equipment to build strength, speed, agility, ♠ and stamina.
Common training equipment includes free weights, rowing machines, jump rope, and medicine balls.
Boxers also use punch/focus mitts in which ♠ a trainer calls out certain combinations and the fighter strikes the mitts accordingly.
This is a great exercise for stamina as ♠ the boxer isn't allowed to go at his own pace but that of the trainer, typically forcing the fighter to ♠ endure a higher output and volume than usual.
In addition, they also allow trainers to make boxers utilize footwork and distances ♠ more accurately.
Boxing matches typically take place in a boxing ring, a raised platform surrounded by ropes attached to posts rising ♠ in each corner.
The term "ring" has come to be used as a metaphor for many aspects of prize fighting in ♠ general.
Technique [ edit ]Stance [ edit ]
The modern boxing stance differs substantially from the typical boxing stances of the 19th ♠ and early 20th centuries.
The modern stance has a more upright vertical-armed guard, as opposed to the more horizontal, knuckles-facing-forward guard ♠ adopted by early 20th century hook users such as Jack Johnson.
Upright stanceSemi-crouchFull crouch
In a fully upright stance, the boxer stands ♠ with the legs shoulder-width apart and the rear foot a half-step in front of the lead man.
Right-handed or orthodox boxers ♠ lead with the left foot and fist (for most penetration power).
Both feet are parallel, and the right heel is off ♠ the ground.
The lead (left) fist is held vertically about six inches in front of the face at eye level.
The rear ♠ (right) fist is held beside the chin and the elbow tucked against the ribcage to protect the body.
The chin is ♠ tucked into the chest to avoid punches to the jaw which commonly cause knock-outs and is often kept slightly off-center.
Wrists ♠ are slightly bent to avoid damage when punching and the elbows are kept tucked in to protect the ribcage.
Some boxers ♠ fight from a crouch, leaning forward and keeping their feet closer together.
The stance described is considered the "textbook" stance and ♠ fighters are encouraged to change it around once it's been mastered as a base.
Case in point, many fast fighters have ♠ their hands down and have almost exaggerated footwork, while brawlers or bully fighters tend to slowly stalk their opponents.
In order ♠ to retain their stance boxers take 'the first step in any direction with the foot already leading in that direction.'[67]
Different ♠ stances allow for bodyweight to be differently positioned and emphasised; this may in turn alter how powerfully and explosively a ♠ type of punch can be delivered.
For instance, a crouched stance allows for the bodyweight to be positioned further forward over ♠ the lead left leg.
If a lead left hook is thrown from this position, it will produce a powerful springing action ♠ in the lead leg and produce a more explosive punch.
This springing action could not be generated effectively, for this punch, ♠ if an upright stance was used or if the bodyweight was positioned predominantly over the back leg.
[68] Mike Tyson was ♠ a keen practitioner of a crouched stance and this style of power punching.
The preparatory positioning of the bodyweight over the ♠ bent lead leg is also known as an isometric preload.
Left-handed or southpaw fighters use a mirror image of the orthodox ♠ stance, which can create problems for orthodox fighters unaccustomed to receiving jabs, hooks, or crosses from the opposite side.
The southpaw ♠ stance, conversely, is vulnerable to a straight right hand.
North American fighters tend to favor a more balanced stance, facing the ♠ opponent almost squarely, while many European fighters stand with their torso turned more to the side.
The positioning of the hands ♠ may also vary, as some fighters prefer to have both hands raised in front of the face, risking exposure to ♠ body shots.
Punches [ edit ]
There are four basic punches in boxing: the jab, cross, hook and uppercut.
Any punch other than ♠ a jab is considered a power punch.
If a boxer is right-handed (orthodox), their left hand is the lead hand and ♠ his right hand is the rear hand.
For a left-handed boxer or southpaw, the hand positions are reversed.
For clarity, the following ♠ assumes a right-handed boxer.
Canelo Álvarez is known as an excellent counterpuncher, being able to exploit openings in his opponents' guards ♠ while avoiding punches with head and body movement.
He is also known as a formidable body puncher.[69][70]
Jab – A quick, straight ♠ punch thrown with the lead hand from the guard position.
The jab extends from the side of the torso and typically ♠ does not pass in front of it.
It is accompanied by a small, clockwise rotation of the torso and hips, while ♠ the fist rotates 90 degrees, becoming horizontal upon impact.
As the punch reaches full extension, the lead shoulder can be brought ♠ up to guard the chin.
The rear hand remains next to the face to guard the jaw.
After making contact with the ♠ target, the lead hand is retracted quickly to resume a guard position in front of the face.
The jab is recognized ♠ as the most important punch in a boxer's arsenal because it provides a fair amount of its own cover and ♠ it leaves the least space for a counter punch from the opponent.
It has the longest reach of any punch and ♠ does not require commitment or large weight transfers.
Due to its relatively weak power, the jab is often used as a ♠ tool to gauge distances, probe an opponent's defenses, harass an opponent, and set up heavier, more powerful punches.
A half-step may ♠ be added, moving the entire body into the punch, for additional power.
Some notable boxers who have been able to develop ♠ relative power in their jabs and use it to punish or wear down their opponents to some effect include Larry ♠ Holmes and Wladimir Klitschko.
– A quick, straight punch thrown with the lead hand from the guard position.
The jab extends from ♠ the side of the torso and typically does not pass in front of it.
It is accompanied by a small, clockwise ♠ rotation of the torso and hips, while the fist rotates 90 degrees, becoming horizontal upon impact.
As the punch reaches full ♠ extension, the lead shoulder can be brought up to guard the chin.
The rear hand remains next to the face to ♠ guard the jaw.
After making contact with the target, the lead hand is retracted quickly to resume a guard position in ♠ front of the face.
Cross – A powerful, straight punch thrown with the rear hand.
From the guard position, the rear hand ♠ is thrown from the chin, crossing the body and traveling towards the target in a straight line.
The rear shoulder is ♠ thrust forward and finishes just touching the outside of the chin.
At the same time, the lead hand is retracted and ♠ tucked against the face to protect the inside of the chin.
For additional power, the torso and hips are rotated counter-clockwise ♠ as the cross is thrown.
A measure of an ideally extended cross is that the shoulder of the striking arm, the ♠ knee of the front leg and the ball of the front foot are on the same vertical plane.
[71] Weight is ♠ also transferred from the rear foot to the lead foot, resulting in the rear heel turning outwards as it acts ♠ as a fulcrum for the transfer of weight.
Body rotation and the sudden weight transfer give the cross its power.
Like the ♠ jab, a half-step forward may be added.
After the cross is thrown, the hand is retracted quickly and the guard position ♠ resumed.
It can be used to counter punch a jab, aiming for the opponent's head (or a counter to a cross ♠ aimed at the body) or to set up a hook.
The cross is also called a "straight" or "right", especially if ♠ it does not cross the opponent's outstretched jab.
– A powerful, straight punch thrown with the rear hand.
From the guard position, ♠ the rear hand is thrown from the chin, crossing the body and traveling towards the target in a straight line.
The ♠ rear shoulder is thrust forward and finishes just touching the outside of the chin.
At the same time, the lead hand ♠ is retracted and tucked against the face to protect the inside of the chin.
For additional power, the torso and hips ♠ are rotated counter-clockwise as the cross is thrown.
A measure of an ideally extended cross is that the shoulder of the ♠ striking arm, the knee of the front leg and the ball of the front foot are on the same vertical ♠ plane.
Hook – A semi-circular punch thrown with the lead hand to the side of the opponent's head.
From the guard position, ♠ the elbow is drawn back with a horizontal fist (palm facing down) though in modern times a wide percentage of ♠ fighters throw the hook with a vertical fist (palm facing themselves).
The rear hand is tucked firmly against the jaw to ♠ protect the chin.
The torso and hips are rotated clockwise, propelling the fist through a tight, clockwise arc across the front ♠ of the body and connecting with the target.
At the same time, the lead foot pivots clockwise, turning the left heel ♠ outwards.
Upon contact, the hook's circular path ends abruptly and the lead hand is pulled quickly back into the guard position.
A ♠ hook may also target the lower body and this technique is sometimes called the "rip" to distinguish it from the ♠ conventional hook to the head.
The hook may also be thrown with the rear hand.
Notable left hookers include Joe Frazier, Roy ♠ Jones Jr.and Mike Tyson.
– A semi-circular punch thrown with the lead hand to the side of the opponent's head.
From the ♠ guard position, the elbow is drawn back with a horizontal fist (palm facing down) though in modern times a wide ♠ percentage of fighters throw the hook with a vertical fist (palm facing themselves).
The rear hand is tucked firmly against the ♠ jaw to protect the chin.
The torso and hips are rotated clockwise, propelling the fist through a tight, clockwise arc across ♠ the front of the body and connecting with the target.
Ricardo Dominguez (left) throws an uppercut on Rafael Ortiz (right).[72]
Uppercut – ♠ A vertical, rising punch thrown with the rear hand.
From the guard position, the torso shifts slightly to the right, the ♠ rear hand drops below the level of the opponent's chest and the knees are bent slightly.
From this position, the rear ♠ hand is thrust upwards in a rising arc towards the opponent's chin or torso.
At the same time, the knees push ♠ upwards quickly and the torso and hips rotate anti-clockwise and the rear heel turns outward, mimicking the body movement of ♠ the cross.
The strategic utility of the uppercut depends on its ability to "lift" an opponent's body, setting it off-balance for ♠ successive attacks.
The right uppercut followed by a left hook is a deadly combination employing the uppercut to lift an opponent's ♠ chin into a vulnerable position, then the hook to knock the opponent out.
– A vertical, rising punch thrown with the ♠ rear hand.
From the guard position, the torso shifts slightly to the right, the rear hand drops below the level of ♠ the opponent's chest and the knees are bent slightly.
From this position, the rear hand is thrust upwards in a rising ♠ arc towards the opponent's chin or torso.
These different punch types can be thrown in rapid succession to form combinations or ♠ "combos".
The most common is the jab and cross combination, nicknamed the "one-two combo".
This is usually an effective combination, because the ♠ jab blocks the opponent's view of the cross, making it easier to land cleanly and forcefully.
A large, swinging circular punch ♠ starting from a cocked-back position with the arm at a longer extension than the hook and all of the fighter's ♠ weight behind it is sometimes referred to as a "roundhouse", "haymaker", "overhand", or sucker-punch.
Relying on body weight and centripetal force ♠ within a wide arc, the roundhouse can be a powerful blow, but it is often a wild and uncontrolled punch ♠ that leaves the fighter delivering it off balance and with an open guard.
Wide, looping punches have the further disadvantage of ♠ taking more time to deliver, giving the opponent ample warning to react and counter.
For this reason, the haymaker or roundhouse ♠ is not a conventional punch, and is regarded by trainers as a mark of poor technique or desperation.
Sometimes it has ♠ been used, because of its immense potential power, to finish off an already staggering opponent who seems unable or unlikely ♠ to take advantage of the poor position it leaves the puncher in.
Another unconventional punch is the rarely used bolo punch, ♠ in which the opponent swings an arm out several times in a wide arc, usually as a distraction, before delivering ♠ with either that or the other arm.
An illegal punch to the back of the head or neck is known as ♠ a rabbit punch.
Both the hook and uppercut may be thrown with both hands, resulting in differing footwork and positioning from ♠ that described above if thrown by the other hand.
Generally the analogous opposite is true of the footwork and torso movement.
Defense ♠ [ edit ]
There are several basic maneuvers a boxer can use in order to evade or block punches, depicted and ♠ discussed below.
Slip – Slipping rotates the body slightly so that an incoming punch passes harmlessly next to the head.
As the ♠ opponent's punch arrives, the boxer sharply rotates the hips and shoulders.
This turns the chin sideways and allows the punch to ♠ "slip" past.
Muhammad Ali was famous for extremely fast and close slips, as was an early Mike Tyson.
– Slipping rotates the ♠ body slightly so that an incoming punch passes harmlessly next to the head.
As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer sharply ♠ rotates the hips and shoulders.
This turns the chin sideways and allows the punch to "slip" past.
Muhammad Ali was famous for ♠ extremely fast and close slips, as was an early Mike Tyson.
Sway or fade – To anticipate a punch and move ♠ the upper body or head back so that it misses or has its force appreciably lessened.
Also called "rolling with the ♠ punch" or " Riding The Punch.
– To anticipate a punch and move the upper body or head back so that ♠ it misses or has its force appreciably lessened.
Also called "rolling with the punch" or " Riding The Punch.
Bob and weave ♠ – Bobbing moves the head laterally and beneath an incoming punch.
As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer bends the legs ♠ quickly and simultaneously shifts the body either slightly right or left.
Once the punch has been evaded, the boxer "weaves" back ♠ to an upright position, emerging on either the outside or inside of the opponent's still-extended arm.
To move outside the opponent's ♠ extended arm is called "bobbing to the outside".
To move inside the opponent's extended arm is called "bobbing to the inside".
Joe ♠ Frazier, Jack Dempsey, Mike Tyson and Rocky Marciano were masters of bobbing and weaving.
– Bobbing moves the head laterally and ♠ beneath an incoming punch.
As the opponent's punch arrives, the boxer bends the legs quickly and simultaneously shifts the body either ♠ slightly right or left.
Once the punch has been evaded, the boxer "weaves" back to an upright position, emerging on either ♠ the outside or inside of the opponent's still-extended arm.
To move outside the opponent's extended arm is called "bobbing to the ♠ outside".
To move inside the opponent's extended arm is called "bobbing to the inside".
Joe Frazier, Jack Dempsey, Mike Tyson and Rocky ♠ Marciano were masters of bobbing and weaving.
Parry/block – Parrying or blocking uses the boxer's shoulder, hands or arms as defensive ♠ tools to protect against incoming attacks.
A block generally receives a punch while a parry tends to deflect it.
A "palm", "catch", ♠ or "cuff" is a defence which intentionally takes the incoming punch on the palm portion of the defender's glove.
– Parrying ♠ or blocking uses the boxer's shoulder, hands or arms as defensive tools to protect against incoming attacks.
A block generally receives ♠ a punch while a parry tends to deflect it.
A "palm", "catch", or "cuff" is a defence which intentionally takes the ♠ incoming punch on the palm portion of the defender's glove.
Cover-up – Covering up is the last opportunity (other than rolling ♠ with a punch) to avoid an incoming strike to an unprotected face or body.
Generally speaking, the hands are held high ♠ to protect the head and chin and the forearms are tucked against the torso to impede body shots.
When protecting the ♠ body, the boxer rotates the hips and lets incoming punches "roll" off the guard.
To protect the head, the boxer presses ♠ both fists against the front of the face with the forearms parallel and facing outwards.
This type of guard is weak ♠ against attacks from below.
– Covering up is the last opportunity (other than rolling with a punch) to avoid an incoming ♠ strike to an unprotected face or body.
Generally speaking, the hands are held high to protect the head and chin and ♠ the forearms are tucked against the torso to impede body shots.
When protecting the body, the boxer rotates the hips and ♠ lets incoming punches "roll" off the guard.
To protect the head, the boxer presses both fists against the front of the ♠ face with the forearms parallel and facing outwards.
This type of guard is weak against attacks from below.
Clinch – Clinching is ♠ a form of trapping or a rough form of grappling and occurs when the distance between both fighters has closed ♠ and straight punches cannot be employed.
In this situation, the boxer attempts to hold or "tie up" the opponent's hands so ♠ he is unable to throw hooks or uppercuts.
To perform a clinch, the boxer loops both hands around the outside of ♠ the opponent's shoulders, scooping back under the forearms to grasp the opponent's arms tightly against his own body.
In this position, ♠ the opponent's arms are pinned and cannot be used to attack.
Clinching is a temporary match state and is quickly dissipated ♠ by the referee.
Clinching is technically against the rules, and in amateur fights points are deducted fairly quickly for it.
It is ♠ unlikely, however, to see points deducted for a clinch in professional boxing.
Unorthodox strategies [ edit ]
Rope-a-dope : Used by Muhammad ♠ Ali in his 1974 "the Rumble in the Jungle" bout against George Foreman, the rope-a-dope method involves lying back against ♠ the ropes, covering up defensively as much as possible and allowing the opponent to attempt numerous punches.
The back-leaning posture, which ♠ does not cause the defending boxer to become as unbalanced as he would during normal backward movement, also maximizes the ♠ distance of the defender's head from his opponent, increasing the probability that punches will miss their intended target.
Weathering the blows ♠ that do land, the defender lures the opponent into expending energy while conserving his/her own.
If successful, the attacking opponent will ♠ eventually tire, creating defensive flaws which the boxer can exploit.
In modern boxing, the rope-a-dope is generally discouraged since most opponents ♠ are not fooled by it and few boxers possess the physical toughness to withstand a prolonged, unanswered assault.
Recently, [ when? ♠ ] however, eight-division world champion Manny Pacquiao skillfully used the strategy to gauge the power of welterweight titlist Miguel Cotto ♠ in November 2009.
Pacquiao followed up the rope-a-dope gambit with a withering knockdown.
Tyson Fury also attempted this against Francesco Pianeto but ♠ did not pull it off as smoothly.
: Used by Muhammad Ali in his 1974 "the Rumble in the Jungle" bout ♠ against George Foreman, the rope-a-dope method involves lying back against the ropes, covering up defensively as much as possible and ♠ allowing the opponent to attempt numerous punches.
The back-leaning posture, which does not cause the defending boxer to become as unbalanced ♠ as he would during normal backward movement, also maximizes the distance of the defender's head from his opponent, increasing the ♠ probability that punches will miss their intended target.
Weathering the blows that do land, the defender lures the opponent into expending ♠ energy while conserving his/her own.
If successful, the attacking opponent will eventually tire, creating defensive flaws which the boxer can exploit.
In ♠ modern boxing, the rope-a-dope is generally discouraged since most opponents are not fooled by it and few boxers possess the ♠ physical toughness to withstand a prolonged, unanswered assault.
Recently, however, eight-division world champion Manny Pacquiao skillfully used the strategy to gauge ♠ the power of welterweight titlist Miguel Cotto in November 2009.
Pacquiao followed up the rope-a-dope gambit with a withering knockdown.
Tyson Fury ♠ also attempted this against Francesco Pianeto but did not pull it off as smoothly.
Bolo punch: Occasionally seen in Olympic boxing, ♠ the bolo punch is an arm punch which owes its power to the shortening of a circular arc rather than ♠ to transference of body weight; it tends to have more of an effect due to the surprise of the odd ♠ angle it lands at rather than the actual power of the punch.
This is more of a gimmick than a technical ♠ maneuver; this punch is not taught, being on the same plane in boxing technicality as is the Ali shuffle.
Nevertheless, a ♠ few professional boxers have used the bolo-punch to great effect, including former welterweight champions Sugar Ray Leonard, and Kid Gavilán ♠ as well as current British fighter Chris Eubank Jr.
Middleweight champion Ceferino Garcia is regarded as the inventor of the bolo ♠ punch.
Overhand : The overhand is a punch, thrown from the rear hand, not found in every boxer's arsenal.
Unlike the cross, ♠ which has a trajectory parallel to the ground, the overhand has a looping circular arc as it is thrown over ♠ the shoulder with the palm facing away from the boxer.
It is especially popular with smaller stature boxers trying to reach ♠ taller opponents.
Boxers who have used this punch consistently and effectively include former heavyweight champions Rocky Marciano and Tim Witherspoon, as ♠ well as MMA champions Chuck Liddell and Fedor Emelianenko.
The overhand has become a popular weapon in other tournaments that involve ♠ fist striking.
Deontay Wilder heavily favours and is otherwise known for knocking many of his opponents out with one of his ♠ right overhands.
: The overhand is a punch, thrown from the rear hand, not found in every boxer's arsenal.
Unlike the cross, ♠ which has a trajectory parallel to the ground, the overhand has a looping circular arc as it is thrown over ♠ the shoulder with the palm facing away from the boxer.
It is especially popular with smaller stature boxers trying to reach ♠ taller opponents.
Boxers who have used this punch consistently and effectively include former heavyweight champions Rocky Marciano and Tim Witherspoon, as ♠ well as MMA champions Chuck Liddell and Fedor Emelianenko.
The overhand has become a popular weapon in other tournaments that involve ♠ fist striking.
Deontay Wilder heavily favours and is otherwise known for knocking many of his opponents out with one of his ♠ right overhands.
Check hook: A check hook is employed to prevent aggressive boxers from lunging in.
There are two parts to the ♠ check hook.
The first part consists of a regular hook.
The second, trickier part involves the footwork.
As the opponent lunges in, the ♠ boxer should throw the hook and pivot on his left foot and swing his right foot 180 degrees around.
If executed ♠ correctly, the aggressive boxer will lunge in and sail harmlessly past his opponent like a bull missing a matador.
This is ♠ rarely seen in professional boxing as it requires a great disparity in skill level to execute.
Technically speaking it has been ♠ said that there is no such thing as a check hook and that it is simply a hook applied to ♠ an opponent that has lurched forward and past his opponent who simply hooks him on the way past.
Others have argued ♠ that the check hook exists but is an illegal punch due to it being a pivot punch which is illegal ♠ in the sport.
Floyd Mayweather, Jr.
employed the use of a check hook against Ricky Hatton, which sent Hatton flying head first ♠ into the corner post and being knocked down.
Ring corner [ edit ]
Boxer Tina Rupprecht receiving instructions from her trainer while ♠ being treated by her cutman in the ring corner between rounds.
In boxing, each fighter is given a corner of the ♠ ring where they rest in between rounds for 1 minute and where their trainers stand.
Typically, three individuals stand in the ♠ corner besides the boxer; these are the trainer, the assistant trainer and the cutman.
The trainer and assistant typically give advice ♠ to the boxer on what they are doing wrong as well as encouraging them if they are losing.
The cutman is ♠ a cutaneous doctor responsible for keeping the boxer's face and eyes free of cuts, blood and excessive swelling.
This is of ♠ particular importance because many fights are stopped because of cuts or swelling that threaten the boxer's eyes.
In addition, the corner ♠ is responsible for stopping the fight if they feel their fighter is in grave danger of permanent injury.
The corner will ♠ occasionally throw in a white towel to signify a boxer's surrender (the idiomatic phrase "to throw in the towel", meaning ♠ to give up, derives from this practice).
[73] This can be seen in the fight between Diego Corrales and Floyd Mayweather.
In ♠ that fight, Corrales' corner surrendered despite Corrales' steadfast refusal.
Health concerns [ edit ]
Knocking a person unconscious or even causing a ♠ concussion may cause permanent brain damage.
[74] There is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out ♠ and the force likely to kill a person.
[75] Additionally, contact sports, especially combat sports, are directly related to a brain ♠ disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, abbreviated as CTE.
This disease begins to develop during the life of the athlete, and continues ♠ to develop even after sports activity has ceased.
In March 1981, neurosurgeon Dr.
Fred Sonstein sought to use CAT scans in an ♠ attempt to track the degeneration of boxers' cognitive functions after seeing the decline of Bennie Briscoe.
[76] From 1980 to 2007, ♠ more than 200 amateur boxers, professional boxers and Toughman fighters died due to ring or training injuries.
[77] In 1983, editorials ♠ in the Journal of the American Medical Association called for a ban on boxing.
[78] The editor, Dr.
George Lundberg, called boxing ♠ an "obscenity" that "should not be sanctioned by any civilized society".
[79] Since then, the British,[80] Canadian[81] and Australian[82] Medical Associations ♠ have called for bans on boxing.
Supporters of the ban state that boxing is the only sport where hurting the other ♠ athlete is the goal.Dr.
Bill O'Neill, boxing spokesman for the British Medical Association, has supported the BMA's proposed ban on boxing: ♠ "It is the only sport where the intention is to inflict serious injury on your opponent, and we feel that ♠ we must have a total ban on boxing.
"[83] Opponents respond that such a position is misguided opinion, stating that amateur ♠ boxing is scored solely according to total connecting blows with no award for "injury".
They observe that many skilled professional boxers ♠ have had rewarding careers without inflicting injury on opponents by accumulating scoring blows and avoiding punches winning rounds scored 10-9 ♠ by the 10-point must system, and they note that there are many other sports where concussions are much more prevalent.
[citation ♠ needed] However, the data shows that the concussion rate in boxing is the highest of all contact sports.
[84][85][86] In addition, ♠ repetitive and subconcussive blows to the head, and not just concussions, cause CTE,[87][88][89][90][91][92] and the evidence indicates that brain damage ♠ and the effects of CTE are more severe in boxing.
[93][94][95][96][97][98]
In 2007, one study of amateur boxers showed that protective headgear ♠ did not prevent brain damage,[99] and another found that amateur boxers faced a high risk of brain damage.
[100] The Gothenburg ♠ study analyzed temporary levels of neurofilament light in cerebral spinal fluid which they conclude is evidence of damage, even though ♠ the levels soon subside.
More comprehensive studies of neurological function on larger samples performed by Johns Hopkins University in 1994 and ♠ accident rates analyzed by National Safety Council in 2017 show amateur boxing is a comparatively safe sport due to the ♠ regulations of amateur boxing and a greater control of the athletes,[101] although the studies did not focus on CTE or ♠ its long-term effects.
In addition, a good training methodology and short career can reduce the effects of brain damage.[102]
In 1997, the ♠ American Association of Professional Ringside Physicians was established to create medical protocols through research and education to prevent injuries in ♠ boxing.[103][104]
Professional boxing is forbidden in Iceland,[105] Iran and North Korea.
It was banned in Sweden until 2007 when the ban was ♠ lifted but strict restrictions, including four three-minute rounds for fights, were imposed.
[106] Boxing was banned in Albania from 1965 until ♠ the fall of Communism in 1991.
Norway legalized professional boxing in December 2014.[107]
The International Boxing Association (AIBA) restricted the use of ♠ head guards for senior males after 2013.
[108][109] A literature review study analyses present knowledge about protecting headgear and injury prevention ♠ in boxing to determine if injury risks associated with not head guard usage increased.
The research of the reviewed literature indicates ♠ that head guards cover well against lacerations and skull fractures.
Therefore, AIBA's decision to terminate the head guard must be considered ♠ cautiously, and injury rates among (male) boxers should be continuously evaluated.[110]
Possible health benefits [ edit ]
Like other active and dynamic ♠ sports, boxing may be argued to provide some general benefits, such as fat burning, increased muscle tone, strong bones and ♠ ligaments, cardiovascular fitness, muscular endurance, improved core stability, co-ordination and body awareness, strength and power, stress relief and self-esteem.
Boxing Halls ♠ of Fame [ edit ]
Stamp honoring heavyweight champion Gene Tunney
The sport of boxing has two internationally recognized boxing halls of ♠ fame; the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHOF)[111] and the Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas.
The latter opened in Las ♠ Vegas, Nevada in 2013 and was founded by Steve Lott, former assistant manager for Mike Tyson.[112]
The International Boxing Hall of ♠ Fame opened in Canastota, New York in 1989.
The first inductees in 1990 included Jack Johnson, Benny Leonard, Jack Dempsey, Henry ♠ Armstrong, Sugar Ray Robinson, Archie Moore, and Muhammad Ali.
Other world-class figures[113] include Salvador Sanchez, Jose Napoles, Roberto "Manos de Piedra" ♠ Durán, Ricardo Lopez, Gabriel "Flash" Elorde, Vicente Saldivar, Ismael Laguna, Eusebio Pedroza, Carlos Monzón, Azumah Nelson, Rocky Marciano, Pipino Cuevas, ♠ Wilfred Benitez, Wilfredo Gomez, Felix Trinidad and Ken Buchanan.
The Hall of Fame's induction ceremony is held every June as part ♠ of a four-day event.
The fans who come to Canastota for the Induction Weekend are treated to a number of events, ♠ including scheduled autograph sessions, boxing exhibitions, a parade featuring past and present inductees, and the induction ceremony itself.
The Boxing Hall ♠ of Fame Las Vegas features the $75 million ESPN Classic Sports fight film and tape library and radio broadcast collection.
The ♠ collection includes the fights of many great champions, including: Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson, George Foreman, Roberto Durán, Marvin Hagler, Jack ♠ Dempsey, Joe Louis, Joe Frazier, Rocky Marciano and Sugar Ray Robinson.
It is this exclusive fight film library that will separate ♠ the Boxing Hall of Fame Las Vegas from the other halls of fame which do not have rights to any ♠ video of their sports.
The inaugural inductees included Muhammad Ali, Henry Armstrong, Tony Canzoneri, Ezzard Charles, Julio César Chávez Sr.
, Jack ♠ Dempsey, Roberto Durán, Joe Louis, and Sugar Ray Robinson.[114]
Governing and sanctioning bodies [ edit ]Governing bodies
Major sanctioning bodiesIntermediateNoviceAmateur
International Boxing Association ♠ (IBA; now also professional)
Boxing rankings [ edit ]
There are various organization and websites, that rank boxers in both weight class ♠ and pound-for-pound manner.
See also [ edit ]Notes [ edit ]References [ edit ]
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